Digital Evidence Barriers Overcoming in the Ukrainian case: New Actors and Standards
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i3.1083Palabras clave:
international cooperation , civil society organization, investigative standards, digital evidence collectionResumen
The purpose of this article is to examine the evolving landscape of joint investigative efforts (public and private), with a particular focus on new actors, and the emerging importance of digital evidence collection in conflict zones. It addresses the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in collecting evidence, analyzing this from historical and legal perspectives. The article discusses the integration of collected digital evidence into ongoing investigations, highlighting the practical obstacles encountered. It also presents case studies where CSOs have intervened when state authorities failed to effectively investigate core international crimes, showcasing how these organizations contribute to modernizing investigative mechanisms using technology. As digital technology becomes increasingly central to criminal activity law enforcement bodies are challenged to adapt their investigative techniques to this new digital landscape. This article suggests opportunities for cooperation between public organizations and law enforcement agencies and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation to keep pace with the evolution of the digital criminal landscape. The article uses a combination of general scientific and specialized methods. The results highlight the importance of continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration, and policy development for better frameworks and cooperation.
Descargas
Referencias
AL JAZEERA. UN head slams Security Council for failure to end Gaza, Sudan, Ukraine wars. Available at: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/13/un-head-slams-security-council-for-failure-to-end-gaza-sudan-ukraine-wars> access on: July 27, 2024.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Our mission and statute. Available at: <https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do> access on: July 27, 2024.
BAER, George W. Sanctions and Security: The League of Nations and the Italian-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936. International Organization, 27, (2), 1973, 165-179.
BASIC INVESTIGATIVE STANDARDS FOR DOCUMENTING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES IN UKRAINE. Global Rights Compliance. Available at: <https://globalrightscompliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/КЕРІВНИЦТВО-З-БАЗОВИХ-СТАНДАРТІВ-РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ-ДЛЯ-ДОКУМЕНТУВАННЯ-МІЖНАРОДНИХ-ЗЛОЧИНІВ-В-УКРАЇНІ.pdf > access on: July 27, 2024.
BERKELEY PROTOCOL ON CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIONS USING OPEN DIGITAL DATA. Berkeley Law. Available at: <https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Berkeley-Protocol-Ukrainian.pdf> access on: July 27, 2024.
CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW. Berkeley Protocol: How Open Sources Help to Hold Russia Accountable. Available at: <https://cedem.org.ua/news/protocol-berkli >
CHABARAI, Hanna. For The Hague. Evidence of War Crimes in Donbas. Available at: < https://tyzhden.ua/dlia-haahy-svidchennia-pro-voienni-zlochyny-na-donbasi/> access on: July 27, 2024.
COMPLAINT FIELD OVER ATTACK ON SWISS JOURNALIST IN UKRAINE. Swissinfo.ch. 2022. Available at: <https://www.swissinfo.ch/rus/подана-жалоба-по-поводу-нападени-я-на-швейцарского-журналиста-в-украине/47841766> access on: July 27, 2024.
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE GLOBAL HISTORY OF AN IDEA. Mind and Rights The History, Ethics, Law and Psychology of Human Rights. p. 41-198, 2023.
CRIMINALISTICS. Textbook: in 2 volumes. Edited by Valery Shepitko. v. 2, p. 328, 2019.
DOCUMENTING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY PURPOSES. Guidelines for civil society organizations. 2022. Available at: <https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/documenting-international-crimes-and-human-rights-violations-accountability-purposes> access on: July 27, 2024.
DUFENIUK, Oksana. Investigation of War Crimes in Ukraine: Challenges, Standards, Innovations. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, n. 1, p. 46-56, 2022.
EUROJUST. Agreement to extend the joint investigation team into alleged core international crimes in Ukraine for two years. Available at: <https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/news/agreement-extend-joint-investigation-team-alleged-core-international-crimes-ukraine-two-years > access on: July 27, 2024.
EUROPOL. Europol set up OSINT task force to support war crimes investigation in Ukraine. Available at: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/europol-sets-osint-taskforce-to-support-investigations-war-crimes-committed-in-ukraine > access on: July 27, 2024.
EUROJUST. Timeline of Eurojust’s response to the war in Ukraine. Available at: <https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/two-years-on-a-timeline-of-eurojust-s-response-to-the-war-in-ukraine-en.pdf > access on: July 27, 2024.
EVALUATING DIGITAL OPEN SOURCE IMAGERY. A guide for judges and fact-finders. www.trueproject.co.uk/osguide. 2024. Available at: < https://www.trueproject.co.uk/osguide> access on: July 27, 2024.
FREEMAN, Lindsay. Prosecuting Atrocity Crimes with Open Source Evidence: Lessons from the International Criminal Court. Digital Witness: Using Open Source Information for Human Rights Investigation, Documentation, and Accountability. p. 48–67, 2020.
FURAER Andrea. Can They Deliver? The Practice of Joint Investigation Teams (JITS) in Core International Crimes Investigations. Journal of International Criminal Justice. v. 22, is. 1, March 2024, p. 43–58, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqae005
THE GUIDELINES FOR CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS ON DOCUMENTING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY. Eurojust, the EU Network for the Prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes, and the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. 2023. Available at: <https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/eurojust-icc-csos-guidelines.pdf> access on: October 12, 2024.
GRACERS, Law Firm. Berkeley Protocol – Principle of Conducting Investigations Using Electronic Digital Data. Available at: <https://gracers.com/pres-centr/protocol-berkli-princip-vedennya-rozsliduvannya/> access on: July 27, 2024.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARCHIVES. Center for Human Rights Documentation and Research. Available at: < https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/chrdr/archive_collections/hrw.html> access on: July 27, 2024.
HURIDOCS report. Human Rights Documentation by Civil Society – Technological Needs, Challenges, and Workflows. Perspectives from Documenters, Transitional Justice Experts, and Tool Developers November 2020. Available at: <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5900b58e1b631bffa367167e/t/5fb58bcb67862d7d964cf27a/1605733350976/PILPG+-+HR+Doc+Solutions+-+Assessment+Report.pdf> access on: July 27, 2024.
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS. Our history. Available at: <https://www.icrc.org/en/our-history> access on: July 27, 2024.
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL ON DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT: BASIC STANDARDS OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTING SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS A CRIME INDER INTERNATIONAL LAW. United Nations. Available at: <https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/report/international-protocol-on-the-documentation-and-investigation-of-sexual-violence-in-conflict/International_Protocol_2017_2nd_Edition.pdf> access on: July 27, 2024.
JDC. JDC is the leading global Jewish humanitarian organization. Our Story. Available at: <https://www.jdc.org/our-story/> access on: July 27, 2024.
KOWALCZEWSKA, Kaja. War-Torn Justice: Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Armed Conflict on Fair Trial Guarantees in Ukraine. Brazilian Journal of Criminal Procedure, 9(3). p. 1062-1063. 2023 https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v9i3.896.
LATYSH, Kateryna. Concept of digital forensics and open data source information in the investigation process. Criminalistics and forensic expertology: science, studies, practice, v. 19, p. 89–94, 2023.
LAWRENCE, Douglas Film as Witness: Screening Nazi Concentration Camps before the Nuremberg Tribunal. The Yale Law Journal. 1995. 105 (2) 449. https://doi.org/10.2307/797126
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. United Nations. Available at: <https://www.ungeneva.org/en/about/league-of-nations/overview> access on: July 27, 2024.
Leiden Guidelines on the Use of Digitally Derived Evidence in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals. Leiden University. Available at: <https://leiden-guidelines.com/guidelines/ > access on: July 27, 2024.
MAZURYK, Roman. Current Issues of Implementing the Concept of Electronic Criminal Proceedings in the Activities of Prosecutor's Offices: Administrative and Legal Aspect. Law and Society. v. 1, p. 156-163, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2022.1.22
MICHALCZYK, John J. Filming the End of the Holocaust – Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of Concentration Camps (2014 Bloomsbury). https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474210652
MOLLY, COCHRAN Activism and International Thought: The Women's International League of Peace and Freedom and the Problem of Statelessness in the Interwar Period. Global Studies Quarterly, v. 3, is. 1, January 2023, ksad011, p 1-12, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad011
NATIONAL ANTICORRUPTION BUREAU. Available at: <https://nabu.gov.ua/tags/ecase/> access on: July 27, 2024.
NUREMBERG TRIALS. United Nations. Available at: <https://www.ungeneva.org/en/about/league-of-nations/overview> access on: July 27, 2024.
NY times. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/world/europe/bucha-ukraine-bodies.html> access on: July 27, 2024.
OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE SUPREME COURT. About Supreme Court. Available at: <https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pro_sud/sn_kr/> access on: July 27, 2024.
OVER 100 NEW EPISODES OF WAR CRIMES IN DONBAS TRANSFERRED TO THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR GENERAL. Interfax. 2020. Available at: <https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3122024-v-ofis-genprokurora-peredali-ponad-100-novih-epizodiv-voennih-zlociniv-na-donbasi.html> access on: July 27, 2024.
PASHKOVSKYI, Mykola. Documentation of International Crimes by Non-Governmental Organizations and the Use of Obtained Digital Information in Criminal Proceedings Under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Almanac of Scientific Papers of Specialists of the V. V. Stashis Crime Research Institute of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine Based on the Results of Research, v. 23. p. 70–80, 2023.
PÉREZ ESTRADA, Miren Josune. Artificial intelligence as scientific evidence in the Spanish criminal process. Brazilian Journal of Criminal Procedure, v. 7, n. 2, p. 1385, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v7i2.505.
QUAKERS AND WWI. Available at: <https://www.quaker.org.uk/faith/our-history/ww1> access on: July 27, 2024.
REGISTER OF CERTIFIED FORENSIC. Minjust.gov.ua. 2024. Available at: <https://rase.minjust.gov.ua > access on: July 27, 2024.
SAVE THE CHILDREN. Our History, 2024. Available at: <https://old-ukraine.savethechildren.net/about-us/our-history > access on: July 27, 2024.
SCHWOBEL-PATEL, Christine. The Core Crimes of International Criminal Law. The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198825203.003.0034
SEMKO, Mykhailo, KRAKHMALYOV, Oleksandr. Electronic Information as Evidence. Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". Series: Current Issues of Ukrainian Society Development. v. 1, p. 48-51, 2021. https://doi: 10.20998/2227-6890.2021.1.07
SEVENTH SUBMISSION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: UHHRU SUBMITTED ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE OF RF WAR CRIMES IN EASTERN UKRAINE. Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union, 2020. Available at: <https://www.helsinki.org.ua/articles/7-podannya-do-mizhnarodnoho-kryminalnoho-sudu-uhspl-peredala-cherhovi-dokazy-vchynennya-rf-vojennyh-zlochyniv-na-shodi-ukrajiny/> access on: July 27, 2024.
SHEPITKO, Valery. Place of Digital Evidence and Evidence Concept in the Doctrine of Criminalistics and Forensic Science. Informative Support of Crime Investigation, v. 1, p. 126-133, 2022.
SHEPITKO, Valery; ZHURAVEL, Volodymyr; AVDEYEVA, Galyna. Innovations in Criminalistics and Their Implementation in the Activities of Pre-Trial Investigation Bodies. Issues of Crime Control, v. 21. p. 39-46, 2011.
STANDARDS FOR INVESTIGATING WAR CRIMES. General Part: Methodical Recommendations, p. 112, 2023.
SUESSER, Julia R. Accountability for Human Rights Abuses in Authoritarian Regimes? The Insufficiency of International Justice Institutions: A Critical Look at Syria, China, and Russia. Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal. 2022. Available at: https://cpilj.law.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2515/2023/02/Suesser_Final-copy.pdf> access on: October 12, 2024.
UNIFIED STATE REGISTER OF COURT DECISIONS. Available at: <https://reyestr.court.gov.ua> access on: July 27, 2024.
THE UNIFIED STATE REGISTER OF LEGAL ENTITIES, INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS. Available at: <https://usr.minjust.gov.ua/content/free-search > access on: July 27, 2024.
WILPF RESOLUTIONS. 1st Congress. Available at: <https://www.wilpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/WILPF_triennial_congress_1915.pdf> access on: July 27, 2024.
YUDAN Tan, SUBONG Yang. The Joint Investigation Team in Ukraine: An Opportunity for the International Criminal Court?, Chinese Journal of International Law, v. 22, is. 1, March 2023, p. 103–119, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmad005
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Shepitko Valery, Mykhaylo Shepitko, Kateryna Latysh
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
A partir de 2022, los artículos publicados en el RDPP tienen una licencia Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional. Los artículos publicados hasta 2021 adoptaron la licencia Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Cómo citar
