Garantias legais contra confissões criminais coagidas na Polônia e na Rússia

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v6i3.368

Palavras-chave:

processo penal, direito ao justo processo, confissões criminais, coerção policial, admissibilidade da prova.

Resumo

A confissão criminal é uma prova poderosa e altamente incriminadora. Uma confissão autoincriminatória autêntica pode ser uma fonte produtiva de novas provas conhecidas apenas pelo verdadeiro autor do crime. Ela também ajuda a acusação a construir um caso mais forte contra o réu em uma situação em que apenas indícios estão disponíveis. Em alguns casos, como homicídios sem localização do corpo e incêndios criminosos em terras selvagens, é difícil provar a participação e a culpa do réu sem o seu consentimento e total cooperação. Tudo isso explica por que, na era das técnicas forenses avançadas, os investigadores buscam obter confissões usando uma variedade de estratégias. Estudos mostram, entretanto, que algumas técnicas de interrogatório têm maior probabilidade de induzir falsas confissões, o que, por sua vez, potencializa o risco de erros judiciais. Do ponto de vista dos direitos humanos, o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos expressou sérias preocupações sobre o uso de provas obtidas por meio de violência, coerção ou tortura, mas não estabeleceu um equilíbrio entre a aplicação eficaz da lei penal e a proteção adequada dos direitos individuais. Neste artigo, analisam-se as disposições legais contra a compulsão policial imprópria na Polônia e na Rússia. Afirma-se que cada país adota uma perspectiva diferente sobre a questão da coerção policial. Na Rússia, a lei fornece regras específicas sobre a admissibilidade de confissões criminais, seu valor probatório e métodos de verificação da confiabilidade do depoimento do suspeito. Na Polônia, a lei confere aos tribunais nacionais uma maior discricionariedade quanto ao modo de lidar com a confissão e as alegações em relação à utilização de técnicas de interrogatório coercivas. Com base nos resultados da análise de dispositivos legais pertinentes, jurisprudência e revisão bibliográfica, nesta pesquisa busca-se determinar a eficácia de dois modelos jurídicos na prevenção e tratamento de confissões penais coagidas. Em sede proporsitica, alterações foram sugeridas para abordar a questão do formalismo judicial excessivo em relação às alegações sobre o uso de técnicas de interrogatório ilegais.

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Biografia do Autor

  • Denis Solodov, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

    PhD with habilitation, associate professor. Department of Criminology and Criminalistics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.

  • Ilia Solodov, Voronezh Bar Association, Russian Federation
    PhD, advocate, Voronezh Bar Association, Russian Federation.

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Publicado

27.10.2020

Edição

Seção

Teoria da Prova Penal

Como Citar

Solodov, D., & Solodov, I. (2020). Garantias legais contra confissões criminais coagidas na Polônia e na Rússia. Revista Brasileira De Direito Processual Penal, 6(3), 1661-1698. https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v6i3.368