The accused person's right to digital anonymity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i3.1044

Keywords:

Anonymity, Digital evidence, Antiforensics

Abstract

Based on the need to expand, in the virtual age, the list of fundamental rights available to the accused person in the same proportion that procedural practices that use technological resources are extended to their disadvantage, the article proposes to answer the following question: would the accused person have the right to digital anonymity? Without disregarding the need for state intervention when used in the practice of criminal offences, the paper methodologically proposes an interdisciplinary bibliographical review to conceptualize anti-forensic techniques as important tools for protecting the right of the accused person not to produce digital evidence against them, highlighting anonymity as one of its most effective tools and defending the relevance of its legal protection in the cyber age.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Jamilla Monteiro Sarkis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

    Doutora em Direito pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, em Estágio Pós-Doutoral na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Advogada.

References

AHAMAD, Shaikshakeel; NAIR, Madhusoodhnan; VARGHESE, Biju. A survey on crypto currencies. 4th International Conference on Advances in Computer Science, Nova Delhi, p. 42-48, 2013.

ALBANO, Pietro; CASTIGLIONE, Aniello; CATTANEO; Giuseppe; DE SANTTIS, Alfredo. A novel anti-forensics technique for the android OS. International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications – IEEE, Barcelona, p. 380-385, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/BWCCA.2011.62

ALDRIDGE, Judith. Does online anonymity boost illegal market trading? Media, Culture & Society, v. 41, n. 4, p. 578-583, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719842075

ALDRIDGE, Judith; STEVENS, Alex; BARRATT, Monica J. Will growth in cryptomarket drug buying increase the harms of illicit drugs? Addiction, v. 113, n. 5, p. 789-796, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13899

ARTIFICIAL Intelligence Voice Scams on the Rise with 1 in 4 Adults Impacted. Disponível em: <https://bit.ly/3vrDsk1>. Acesso em: 11 jun. 2024.

BELLI, Lucas. CyberBRICS: A Multidimensional Approach to Cybersecurity for the BRICS. In: BELLI, Lucas (ed.). CyberBRICS: Cybersecurity Regulations in the BRICS Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. p. 15-46.

BELLI, Lucas; FRANQUEIRA, Bruna; BAKONYI, Erica; CHEN, Larissa; COUTO, Natalia, CHANG, Sofia; DA HORA, Nina; GASPAR, Walter B. Cibersegurança: uma visão sistêmica rumo a uma proposta de marco regulatório para um Brasil digitalmente soberano. Rio de Janeiro: FGV Direito Rio, 2023.

BIONI, Bruno. Compreendendo o conceito de anonimização e dado anonimizado. In: Cadernos Jurídicos, v. 21, p. 191-201. 2020.

BROCHADO, Mariah. Inteligência Artificial no horizonte da Filosofia da Tecnologia: técnica, ética e direito na era cybernética. São Paulo: Dialética, 2023.

CONLAN, Kevin; BAGGILI, Ibrahim; BREITINGER, Frank. Anti-forensics: Furthering digital forensic science through a new extended, granular taxonomy. Digital Investigation, v. 18, p. 66-75, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2016.04.006

COLEMAN, Gabriella. How has the fight for anonymity and privacy advanced since Snowden’s whistle-blowing? Media, Culture & Society, v. 41, n. 4, p. 565-571, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719843867

FLORIDI, Luciano. The Fight for Digital Sovereignty: What It Is, and Why It Matters, Especially for the EU. Philosophy & Technology, v. 33, n. 3, p. 369–378, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00423-6

FLORIDI, Luciano. The fourth revolution: how the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

GÜL, Murat; KUGU, Emin. A survey on anti-forensics techniques. International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium. Malatya, p. 1-6, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAP.2017.8090341

HARRIS, Ryan. Arriving at an anti-forensics consensus: examining how to define and control the anti-forensics problem. Digital Investigation, v. 3, n. 1, p. 44-49, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2006.06.005

HILDEBRANDT, Mireille. Location Data, Purpose Binding and Contextual Integrity: What’s the Message? In: FLORIDI, Luciano (ed.). Protection of information and the right to privacy-a new equilibrium? Cham: Springer, 2014. p. 31-62.

JAIN, Anu; CHHABRA, Gurpal Singh. Anti-forensics techniques: An analytical review. Seventh International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, p. 412-418, https://doi.org/2014. 10.1109/IC3.2014.6897209

JARDINE, Eric. Tor, what is it good for? Political repression and the use of online anonymity-granting technologies. New Media & Society, v. 20, n. 2, p. 435-452, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816639976

JORDAN, Tim. Does online anonymity undermine the sense of personal responsibility? Media, Culture & Society, v. 41, n. 4, p. 572-577, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719842073

LANIER, Jaron. Dez argumentos para você deletar agora suas redes sociais. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2018.

LESSIG, Lawrence. Code: version 2.0. Nova Iorque: Basic Books, 2009.

LI, Stan Z.; JAIN, Anil K. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Biometrics. 2. ed. Nova Iorque: Springer, 2015.

MACHADO, Diego; DONEDA, Danilo. Direito ao anonimato na internet: fundamentos e contornos dogmáticos de sua proteção no direito brasileiro. Revista de Direito Civil Contemporâneo, v. 7, n. 23, p. 95-140, 2020.

MARAS, Marie-Helen; ALEXANDROU, Alex. Determining authenticity of video evidence in the age of artificial intelligence and in the wake of Deepfake videos. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, v. 23, n. 3, p. 255-262, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712718807226

MARTIN, James. Drugs on the dark net: How cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

MASON, Stephen; SHELDON, Andrew; DRIES, Hein. Proof: the technical collection and examination of electronic evidence. In: MASON, Stephen; SENG, Daniel (eds.). Electronic Evidence. 4. ed. Londres: Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 2017. p. 285-338.

MASSENO, Manuel David. Da vigilância biométrica no Ordenamento da União Europeia (para fins de segurança em espaços acessíveis ao público): Uma perspetiva portuguesa especialmente destinada ao Brasil. Revista do CEJUR/TJSC: Prestação Jurisdicional, v. 11, p. 1-19, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37497/revistacejur.v11i00.402

MENEZES NETO, Elias Jacob de. Surveillance, democracia e direitos humanos: os limites do Estado na era do big data. 2016. Tese (Doutorado em Direito) – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, 2016.

NARAYANAN, Arvind; SHMATIKOV, Vitaly. Robust de-anonymization of large sparse datasets. In: 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland, p. 111-125, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2008.33

NAZAH, Saiba; HUDA, Shamsul; ABAWAJY, Jemal; HASSAN, Mohammad Mehedi. Evolution of dark web threat analysis and detection: A systematic approach. IEEE Access, v. 8, p. 171.796-171.819, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3024198

NUNES, Dierle. Virada tecnológica no direito processual (da automação à transformação): seria possível adaptar o procedimento pela tecnologia? In: NUNES, Dierle; LUCON, Paulo Henrique dos Santos; WOLKART, Erik Navarro (orgs.). Inteligência artificial e direito processual: os impactos da virada tecnológica no direito processual. Salvador: Editora Juspodivm, 2020. p. 15-40.

OLIVEIRA, Jordan Vinícius; LOPES, Marília Carneiro da Cunha. Considerações sobre anonimato, pseudoanonimato e criptomoedas. Revista Eletrônica Direito e Sociedade, Canoas, v. 9, n. 1, p. 159-176, 2021. https://doi.org/10.18316/redes.v9i1.6749

PARK, Joon S.; SANDHU, Ravi. Secure cookies on the Web. IEEE Internet Computing, v. 4, n. 4, p. 36-44, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1109/4236.865085

PERON, Christian; LEGARY, Michael. Digital anti-forensics: emerging trends in data transformation techniques. Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security, West Lafayette, 2005

QUEIROZ, Rafael Mafei Rabelo. Liberdade de expressão na internet: a concepção restrita de anonimato e a opção pela intervenção de menor intensidade. Suprema: Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Brasília, v. 1, n. 1, p. 241-266, 2021. https://doi.org/10.53798/suprema.2021.v1.n1.a24

RAMADHANI, Erika. Anonymity communication VPN and Tor: a comparative study. Journal of Physics, v. 983, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012060

RESTA, Giorgio. Anonimato, responsabilità, identificazione: prospettive di diritto comparato. Diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica, Milano, v. 30, n. 2, p. 171-205, 2014.

SARDÁ, Thais; NATALE, Simone; DOWNEY, John. Inventing the dark Web: Criminalization of privacy and the apocalyptic turn in the imaginary of the Web. First Monday, v. 27, n. 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v27i11.12691

SARDÁ, Thais; NATALE, Simone; SOTIRAKOPOULUS, Nikos; MONAGHAN, Mark. Understanding online anonymity. Media, Culture & Society, v. 41, n. 4, p. 557-564, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719842074

SARKIS, Jamilla Monteiro. Não autoincriminação: uma (re)leitura constitucional na era tecnológica da cyber-surveillance. São Paulo: Tirant lo Blanch, 2024.

SCHAFER, Burkhard; MASON, Stephen. The characteristics of electronic evidence. In: MASON, Stephen; SENG, Daniel (eds.). Electronic Evidence. 4t. ed. Londres: University of London Press - Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 2017. p. 18-35.

SILVA, Virgílio Afonso da. Direito constitucional brasileiro. São Paulo: Edusp, 2021.

SNOWDEN, Edward. Permanent Record. Londres: Pan Macmillan, 2019. E-book.

SREMACK, Joseph; ANTONOV, Alexandre. Taxonomy of anti-computer forensics threats. It-Incident Management & It-Forensics, Bonn, p. 103-112, 2007.

TANENBAUM, Andrew. Redes de Computadores. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2003.

TURKLE, Sherry. Parallel Lives: Working on Identity in Virtual Space. In: GRODIN, Debra; LINDLOF, Thomas (eds.). Constructing the self in a mediated world. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996. p. 156-177.

VALENTE, Manuel Monteiro Guedes. Editorial dossiê “Investigação preliminar, meios ocultos e novas tecnologias”. Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal, Porto Alegre, v. 3, n. 2, p. 473-482, maio/ago. 2017. https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v3i2.82

Published

2024-10-28

Issue

Section

Fundamentals of Criminal Procedure

How to Cite

Sarkis, J. M. (2024). The accused person’s right to digital anonymity. Brazilian Journal of Criminal Procedure, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i3.1044